These places talked about
Summary
The development of China's national tourism. The example of the Guangxi Autonomous Region
The China National Tourism (1) takes off from the late 1990s, however, that tourism booming still too little studied, so it generates massive flows, visible across the world. This leads to change our view of tourism in China, and in particular to ask in which places national tourism develops.
Framework elements: international tourism and China
China, recently, a tourist giant in Asia: it "emits" twice more tourists than Japan. Thirty-six million Chinese are parties Indeed, in 2006, touring abroad (against seventeen million Japanese in 2004). Of these Chinese international tourists, about seven hundred thousand went to France in 2006: usually during travel in groups of two weeks during which they often visit more than ten countries, with a single interpreter guide.
1 Revenue and international tourism circuits
But the dominant flows are incoming: China since 2005 - ahead of Germany - the fifth international tourist destination 46.8 million international tourists reported 33.9 billion USD in the Chinese state in 2006 (but 79 million tourists France - the first international tourist destination - and 42.9 billion dollars in the same year). The growing popularity of this destination is undeniable: the number of international tourists increased by 10 million every five years since 1990, with an acceleration from 2000 (over 15 million tourists between 2000 and 2005).
International tourism in China is still primarily Asian: Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan accounted for 56.7% of tourists in 2006 and the rest of Asia 26.7%. Europe is the second transmitter pole (10.2%), the Americas and the third (4.6%), while Oceania and Africa weigh only 1.7% of the total that year. The international tourism circuits are highly standardized, partly because of the barrier of the ideogram. So these are the specialized tour operators, who are themselves affected local agencies that provide all services. The provinces where are the cities of Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing respectively correspond to the first three areas of international tourism receipts (Map 1).
China's national tourism soars
Despite the importance of international tourism, we are struck by the national tourism development. Of course, tourism is no longer a "bourgeois" manifestation of the company since the opening of the country in 1978, but it really gets started in the early 1990s, when China began to expand and that a small class of nouveaux riches displayed in the main cities. The government, eager to maintain a "continuous development" (kechixu fazhan) then launched a series of measures to develop the tourist industry in the country: reduction of working time in 1995 from 44 to 40 hours and commissioning instead of paid annual leave in 1999, three 5-day periods, set by the government, the "golden weeks" (Huangjin zhou).
Photo 1 The discovery of the beach "money" in Beihai
(Photo B. Taunay, 2006) Photo 2 The crowd in the town of Yangshuo for a "golden week" (cliché B. Taunay, 2006)
Official statistics count down over one billion tourists during these three periods in 2006 but, as the government does not distinguish between "visitors" "tourists" (2), these figures are not very significant. Considering that China's national tourism reflects the practices of the middle class (in its broadest sense), the order of magnitude is likely 300 million (3). This tourism reflects a lifestyle revolution in China: the emergence of a civilization of leisure, free time, correlated with the increase in the standard of living of a part of the population is an obvious fact since the late 1990s.
But what are the places that preferentially attend Chinese tourists? We will discuss here the example of Guangxi to give some answers. The Guangxi region "autonomous" (4), is a coastal Southern Province, crossing at its capital Nanning by the Tropic of Cancer. His landscapes are particularly famous.
The coastline of Guangxi: a sluggish tourism
Tourism has he first developed on the coast of Guangxi, according to a common scheme seaside in the West? In fact, Beihai, a coastal city, receives only 3% of Chinese tourists visiting the province (about 300 000 tourists). And tourists who come to the beach spend an average of only 1.65 days for tourism remains of discovery (photo 1). Unlike the French case, the beach is only a secondary destination in China. In the case of Beihai, tourism is also very "regional": 57% of tourists are from Guangxi (35% for the three main cities of the province in order Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin, respectively 250, 450 and 750 km from Beihai) (Map 2). The second main transmitter pole is the neighboring province of Guangdong and the city of Canton (18.5% in 2006 to 8 hours by bus from Beihai).
2 Source of Chinese tourists in Beihai in 2006
The beach is really crowded with tourists during the "golden week". Although the municipality is in development efforts (moving downtown in 1990 and development of the range since 1999), the city and its beach are secondary spots.
In fact, and despite the efforts of the municipality, the city is still a "way out": Beihai is a starting point, not an end. Indeed, tourists often go for a cruise to Vietnam or to the islands of Hainan and Weizhou, so the beach that local authorities have dubbed "the finest under heaven" (tian xia di yi tan ) drew little.
In the interior: "the most beautiful landscape under heaven"
The real tourist capital of Guangxi is interior: it is Guilin. Famous in China (but also outside: one million foreigners visit every year) (Map 1), Guilin area is considered home to "the most beautiful landscape under heaven" (tian xia jia Guilin Shanshui) the quintessence of "landscape with Chinese characteristics" (Berque, 1995). The city and its periphery concentrate 90.9% of the tourists visiting the province of Guangxi (5). Unlike the city of Beihai, tourists are from the largest cities in the country (Map 3).
3 The tourist area in Guangxi in 2006
Guilin is the tourist heart of the region. In the early 1980s, the party cadres, while only tourists who can afford to come to Guilin, followed the existing circuit single, "3 hills, 2 caves, 1 River" (san shan liang dong yi jiang) which corresponded to the visit of karst landscapes around the city, in a 63 km cruise on the Li River, where "the landscape evokes a picture gallery" (shanshui Xiangyi hualang) (Map 4).
This cruise is always the main attraction, but the city - one developer - has introduced new routes and tourist crown was created around Guilin. The goal is to make tourists stay longer, to increase financial resources and support economic development. The argument is the "best" for almost all places of this belt, the outstanding reputation of the landscapes of Guilin is mobilized in order to attract tourists. "Incomparable under heaven", "landscape worthy of an art gallery," the list of adjectives goes on. The valuation of these new places set tourism always rests on the landscape "Chinese." However, they remain less accrued as "high places" (Guilin and Yangshuo, photo 2) but attract the younger generation of Chinese tourists. They do not have the same look on tourism as their elders and their motto is, like currency hedging tour guides they have on hand, "do not go the way of other ". The new generation adopts circuits and new venues to differentiate themselves from their elders.
4 Going down the Li River, the main tourist center of Guangxi (B. Taunay clichés, 2006)
These few observations allow us to show that the recent boom in domestic tourism in Guangxi by reinvesting proceeds of already known places - but with a much wider perimeters visited: large circuits remain focused on "high places" traditional Chinese landscape heritage . Beach tourism is still in its infancy and the very local time.
Benjamin Taunay
References
BERQUE A. (1995). Reasons landscape of ancient China synthetic environments. Paris: Hazan, 192 p. ISBN: 2-85025-390-1
OFFICE OF TOURISM BEIHAI (2007). Report on the results of surveys of domestic tourists (in Chinese).
OFFICE OF TOURISM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF Guilin (2006). Statistical Yearbook of Tourism in Guilin.
OFFICE OF TOURISM REGION OF GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS (2006). Statistical Yearbook of tourism in Guangxi.
OFFICE OF TOURISM REGION OF GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS (2007). Statistical information on tourism in Guangxi.
CHINA NATIONAL TOURIST OFFICE (2003). See here
TEAM MIT (2005). Touring 2 Moments places. Paris: Belin, coll. "Globe", 349 p. ISBN: 2-7011-4217-2
Gentelle P. (2004). "A society in motion." In Jullien F., eds. Folder "China." International Issues, No. 6, p. 26-34.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (2005). Tourism Market Trends 2004 - Asia. Madrid: UNWTO, 298 p.
STOCKMAN N. (2000). Understanding chinese society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 280 p. ISBN: 0-7456-1735-2
SANJUAN T., eds. (2006). Dictionary of Contemporary China. Paris: A. Colin, XIII-300 p. ISBN: 2-200-26781-9
TAUNAY B. (2008). "The tourism development of two Chinese websites" must "Beihai Guilin (Guangxi)," Articulo - journal of human sciences, No. 4 (insert link on 10/10/2008)
Notes
1 The term national tourism tourist travel by mainland Chinese in the country, which is in English with the concept of domestic tourism. Tourism in mainland Chinese overseas is considered of international tourism.
2 There are two Chinese terms for national "tourists", "Lüke" means passenger or passenger and "Youke" means tourist. The two categories are often confused in the official statistics, while economic, social and cultural significance of these practices is not at all the same.
3 For the Chinese middle class, we take here the estimated Gentelle Pierre (2004), which considers the number of consumers in cities is between 240 and 290 million.
4 The status of autonomous region is reserved to the provinces that are home to large ethnic minorities (or "nationality")
5 Guangxi Statistical Yearbook 2004.
Summary
The development of China's national tourism. The example of the Guangxi Autonomous Region
The China National Tourism (1) takes off from the late 1990s, however, that tourism booming still too little studied, so it generates massive flows, visible across the world. This leads to change our view of tourism in China, and in particular to ask in which places national tourism develops.
Framework elements: international tourism and China
China, recently, a tourist giant in Asia: it "emits" twice more tourists than Japan. Thirty-six million Chinese are parties Indeed, in 2006, touring abroad (against seventeen million Japanese in 2004). Of these Chinese international tourists, about seven hundred thousand went to France in 2006: usually during travel in groups of two weeks during which they often visit more than ten countries, with a single interpreter guide.
1 Revenue and international tourism circuits
But the dominant flows are incoming: China since 2005 - ahead of Germany - the fifth international tourist destination 46.8 million international tourists reported 33.9 billion USD in the Chinese state in 2006 (but 79 million tourists France - the first international tourist destination - and 42.9 billion dollars in the same year). The growing popularity of this destination is undeniable: the number of international tourists increased by 10 million every five years since 1990, with an acceleration from 2000 (over 15 million tourists between 2000 and 2005).
International tourism in China is still primarily Asian: Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan accounted for 56.7% of tourists in 2006 and the rest of Asia 26.7%. Europe is the second transmitter pole (10.2%), the Americas and the third (4.6%), while Oceania and Africa weigh only 1.7% of the total that year. The international tourism circuits are highly standardized, partly because of the barrier of the ideogram. So these are the specialized tour operators, who are themselves affected local agencies that provide all services. The provinces where are the cities of Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing respectively correspond to the first three areas of international tourism receipts (Map 1).
China's national tourism soars
Despite the importance of international tourism, we are struck by the national tourism development. Of course, tourism is no longer a "bourgeois" manifestation of the company since the opening of the country in 1978, but it really gets started in the early 1990s, when China began to expand and that a small class of nouveaux riches displayed in the main cities. The government, eager to maintain a "continuous development" (kechixu fazhan) then launched a series of measures to develop the tourist industry in the country: reduction of working time in 1995 from 44 to 40 hours and commissioning instead of paid annual leave in 1999, three 5-day periods, set by the government, the "golden weeks" (Huangjin zhou).
Photo 1 The discovery of the beach "money" in Beihai
(Photo B. Taunay, 2006) Photo 2 The crowd in the town of Yangshuo for a "golden week" (cliché B. Taunay, 2006)
Official statistics count down over one billion tourists during these three periods in 2006 but, as the government does not distinguish between "visitors" "tourists" (2), these figures are not very significant. Considering that China's national tourism reflects the practices of the middle class (in its broadest sense), the order of magnitude is likely 300 million (3). This tourism reflects a lifestyle revolution in China: the emergence of a civilization of leisure, free time, correlated with the increase in the standard of living of a part of the population is an obvious fact since the late 1990s.
But what are the places that preferentially attend Chinese tourists? We will discuss here the example of Guangxi to give some answers. The Guangxi region "autonomous" (4), is a coastal Southern Province, crossing at its capital Nanning by the Tropic of Cancer. His landscapes are particularly famous.
The coastline of Guangxi: a sluggish tourism
Tourism has he first developed on the coast of Guangxi, according to a common scheme seaside in the West? In fact, Beihai, a coastal city, receives only 3% of Chinese tourists visiting the province (about 300 000 tourists). And tourists who come to the beach spend an average of only 1.65 days for tourism remains of discovery (photo 1). Unlike the French case, the beach is only a secondary destination in China. In the case of Beihai, tourism is also very "regional": 57% of tourists are from Guangxi (35% for the three main cities of the province in order Nanning, Liuzhou and Guilin, respectively 250, 450 and 750 km from Beihai) (Map 2). The second main transmitter pole is the neighboring province of Guangdong and the city of Canton (18.5% in 2006 to 8 hours by bus from Beihai).
2 Source of Chinese tourists in Beihai in 2006
The beach is really crowded with tourists during the "golden week". Although the municipality is in development efforts (moving downtown in 1990 and development of the range since 1999), the city and its beach are secondary spots.
In fact, and despite the efforts of the municipality, the city is still a "way out": Beihai is a starting point, not an end. Indeed, tourists often go for a cruise to Vietnam or to the islands of Hainan and Weizhou, so the beach that local authorities have dubbed "the finest under heaven" (tian xia di yi tan ) drew little.
In the interior: "the most beautiful landscape under heaven"
The real tourist capital of Guangxi is interior: it is Guilin. Famous in China (but also outside: one million foreigners visit every year) (Map 1), Guilin area is considered home to "the most beautiful landscape under heaven" (tian xia jia Guilin Shanshui) the quintessence of "landscape with Chinese characteristics" (Berque, 1995). The city and its periphery concentrate 90.9% of the tourists visiting the province of Guangxi (5). Unlike the city of Beihai, tourists are from the largest cities in the country (Map 3).
3 The tourist area in Guangxi in 2006
Guilin is the tourist heart of the region. In the early 1980s, the party cadres, while only tourists who can afford to come to Guilin, followed the existing circuit single, "3 hills, 2 caves, 1 River" (san shan liang dong yi jiang) which corresponded to the visit of karst landscapes around the city, in a 63 km cruise on the Li River, where "the landscape evokes a picture gallery" (shanshui Xiangyi hualang) (Map 4).
This cruise is always the main attraction, but the city - one developer - has introduced new routes and tourist crown was created around Guilin. The goal is to make tourists stay longer, to increase financial resources and support economic development. The argument is the "best" for almost all places of this belt, the outstanding reputation of the landscapes of Guilin is mobilized in order to attract tourists. "Incomparable under heaven", "landscape worthy of an art gallery," the list of adjectives goes on. The valuation of these new places set tourism always rests on the landscape "Chinese." However, they remain less accrued as "high places" (Guilin and Yangshuo, photo 2) but attract the younger generation of Chinese tourists. They do not have the same look on tourism as their elders and their motto is, like currency hedging tour guides they have on hand, "do not go the way of other ". The new generation adopts circuits and new venues to differentiate themselves from their elders.
4 Going down the Li River, the main tourist center of Guangxi (B. Taunay clichés, 2006)
These few observations allow us to show that the recent boom in domestic tourism in Guangxi by reinvesting proceeds of already known places - but with a much wider perimeters visited: large circuits remain focused on "high places" traditional Chinese landscape heritage . Beach tourism is still in its infancy and the very local time.
Benjamin Taunay
References
BERQUE A. (1995). Reasons landscape of ancient China synthetic environments. Paris: Hazan, 192 p. ISBN: 2-85025-390-1
OFFICE OF TOURISM BEIHAI (2007). Report on the results of surveys of domestic tourists (in Chinese).
OFFICE OF TOURISM IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF Guilin (2006). Statistical Yearbook of Tourism in Guilin.
OFFICE OF TOURISM REGION OF GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS (2006). Statistical Yearbook of tourism in Guangxi.
OFFICE OF TOURISM REGION OF GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS (2007). Statistical information on tourism in Guangxi.
CHINA NATIONAL TOURIST OFFICE (2003). See here
TEAM MIT (2005). Touring 2 Moments places. Paris: Belin, coll. "Globe", 349 p. ISBN: 2-7011-4217-2
Gentelle P. (2004). "A society in motion." In Jullien F., eds. Folder "China." International Issues, No. 6, p. 26-34.
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (2005). Tourism Market Trends 2004 - Asia. Madrid: UNWTO, 298 p.
STOCKMAN N. (2000). Understanding chinese society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 280 p. ISBN: 0-7456-1735-2
SANJUAN T., eds. (2006). Dictionary of Contemporary China. Paris: A. Colin, XIII-300 p. ISBN: 2-200-26781-9
TAUNAY B. (2008). "The tourism development of two Chinese websites" must "Beihai Guilin (Guangxi)," Articulo - journal of human sciences, No. 4 (insert link on 10/10/2008)
Notes
1 The term national tourism tourist travel by mainland Chinese in the country, which is in English with the concept of domestic tourism. Tourism in mainland Chinese overseas is considered of international tourism.
2 There are two Chinese terms for national "tourists", "Lüke" means passenger or passenger and "Youke" means tourist. The two categories are often confused in the official statistics, while economic, social and cultural significance of these practices is not at all the same.
3 For the Chinese middle class, we take here the estimated Gentelle Pierre (2004), which considers the number of consumers in cities is between 240 and 290 million.
4 The status of autonomous region is reserved to the provinces that are home to large ethnic minorities (or "nationality")
5 Guangxi Statistical Yearbook 2004.
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